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Top White House Official Denies Pressuring F.D.A. on Vaccine Guidelines

The number of lives lost to the virus is nearing one million, and new hot spots keep emerging. The U.S., Brazil, India and Mexico account for more than half of the total.

This briefing has ended. Read live coronavirus updates here.

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A volunteer taking a vaccine as part of a study in Hollywood, Fla., on Thursday.Credit...Marco Bello/Reuters

The White House chief of staff, Mark Meadows, dismissed reports that he had pressured the Food and Drug Administration to soften new, stricter guidelines that the agency was preparing for the emergency authorization of coronavirus vaccines.

“Why would we do that?” he asked Margaret Brennan on the CBS program “Face the Nation” on Sunday.

Mr. Meadows said he was interested in the guidelines purely as a matter of quality control: “My challenge to the F.D.A. is just make sure it’s based on science and real numbers.”

The new guidelines under development would lay out more specific criteria for clinical trial data than the current guidelines, and would recommend that the data be vetted by a committee of independent experts before the F.D.A. authorizes any vaccine, according to several people familiar with a draft.

President Trump suggested on Wednesday that the new guidelines were a “political move,” and that the White House might not approve them.

The same day, Mr. Meadows called Stephen Hahn, the F.D.A. commissioner, and insisted that the agency provide detailed justification for the new guidance, according to a report in The Washington Post.

Ms. Brennan asked why the White House would insert itself into the F.D.A.’s process, raising concerns of political interference. “We want to make sure that it’s safe,” Mr. Meadows replied. “We’re trying to make sure that the guidance we give is not an inhibitor to getting things out fast,” but also “doesn’t detract from it.”

Ultimately, he added, the F.D.A. guidelines would make sure that everyone who gets the vaccine “can do that with some kind of assurance that the process is meted out properly.”

Mr. Meadows’s line of reasoning echoed that of Michael Caputo, the former spokesman for the Department of Health and Human Services, when he responded to reports two weeks ago that he and one of his aides had pressured the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to alter its weekly disease assessments.

The aide “makes his position known, and his position isn’t popular with the career scientists sometimes,” Mr. Caputo told The Times on Sept. 12, a day before he made outlandish claims against C.D.C. scientists in an online video and a few days before going on medical leave. “That’s called science. Disagreement is science.”

Also on “Face the Nation,” Scott Gottlieb, who was commissioner of the F.D.A. from May 2017 to April 2019, said that the expected guidelines did not represent “a revision in the agency standards or any kind of higher bar” but rather “an articulation of the principles and standards that the F.D.A. has been using for a long time and frankly been communicating to the companies that are developing vaccines.”

Dr. Gottlieb, a physician now on the board of Pfizer, one of the companies racing to develop a coronavirus vaccine, said he believed that there was wide agreement that the guidelines, as discussed publicly, “were mostly in line with everyone’s expectations.”

He said he preferred to have the F.D.A. issue the guidance “because it would provide more transparency,” but regardless, “I think these are going to be the principles that govern that process.”

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Alberto M. Carvalho, the Miami-Dade schools superintendent, with a student last month. Credit...Carl Juste/Miami Herald, via Associated Press

Florida’s education commissioner has demanded that the Miami-Dade school system abandon its plan to delay in-person education and open its doors to students by next Monday.

“I am writing today with grave concerns regarding the School Board of Miami-Dade County’s recent vote to revoke parents’ ability to choose brick-and-mortar schools for their children’s education,” Commissioner Richard Corcoran said in a letter sent over the weekend.

The letter, addressed to the schools superintendent, Alberto M. Carvalho, and the school board chairwoman, Perla Tabares Hantman, is the latest flare-up between state officials and local school districts during the pandemic.

Florida has been hit hard by the virus, but state officials eager to reopen the economy have pushed for in-person instruction. Some school districts have been reluctant to move too quickly.

Commissioner Corcoran’s letter followed a unanimous vote by the Miami-Dade school board to delay in-person instruction after a 29-hour virtual meeting at which hundreds of people weighed in during the public comment.

The plan approved by the board calls for a gradual start of in-person learning to begin Oct. 14. The full reopening was pushed back to Oct. 21, for any students wishing to attend in person.

Miami-Dade, the nation’s fourth-largest school system, has 345,000 students. They have already begun virtual learning, and there has been heated debate over when they should return to the classrooms.

Many teachers say it is unsafe, and when teachers unions sued Gov. Ron DeSantis and Commissioner Corcoran over the state’s attempt to force schools to open, a judge ruled in their favor.

On Sunday, the Miami-Dade teachers union president, Karla Hernandez-Mats, took issue with the state’s tactics.

“It seems that the fundamental essence of local control to allow communities to do what’s in the best interest of their citizens only applies if local leadership falls in line with Governor DeSantis and Commissioner Corcoran’s personal political agendas,” she said.

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A coronavirus victim was buried in New Delhi last month. India has the most daily virus-related deaths in the world, with about 7,700 over the most recent seven-day period.Credit...Adnan Abidi/Reuters

As the world moves toward another morbid threshold in the pandemic, a coronavirus death toll of one million, the countries where fatalities are increasing fastest remain spread out across the globe, with new hot spots constantly emerging.

The number of lives lost daily to the virus has been rising through most of August and September, reaching more than 5,000 in an average measured over seven days. As of Monday morning, the global total stood at 997,300, according to a New York Times database.

On Sunday, India, the world’s second-most populous nation after China, continued to lead in daily virus-related deaths, with about 7,700 over the most recent seven-day period. The United States is second, with more than 5,000, Brazil third with more than 4,800, and Mexico fourth with nearly 3,000. Those four countries account for more than half of the world’s total deaths from the virus, according to the Times database.

New hot spots are also emerging in smaller countries like Israel, which led the world in new cases per capita over the past week.

The pandemic continues to wreak havoc in South America, where countries including Argentina, Colombia and Peru are recording thousands of new cases daily along with some of the highest numbers of deaths per capita in the world.

With seasons changing, some countries that were hit hard by the virus in the spring and summer are beginning to shed lockdown policies, raising fears of future surges. In Europe, second waves of infections have already hit Britain, Spain and France.

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Jenni Morgan replacing an air filter at her hair salon in Greeley, Colo., this year.Credit...Michael Ciaglo/Getty Images

In places where the autumn chill is ushering people back into homes, classrooms and offices, health experts warn that the virus may resurge even in areas that so far have restrained its spread.

The virus poses a greater threat in crowded indoor spaces than it does outdoors. Southern U.S. states, for example, saw a spike in infections when the temperatures soared this summer, prompting people to remain inside with the air-conditioners humming.

“I’m a little concerned we’re going to see that shift to the northern latitudes as the weather gets cold,” said Linsey Marr of Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, who studies how viruses move through the air.

Unless you are living with an infected person — in which case the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offers specific guidelines to follow — protecting yourself at home does not require extraordinary measures, Dr. Marr said. And when you venture elsewhere, wearing a face covering and washing your hands are still the best ways to protect yourself indoors.

Health experts offered several tips for dodging the virus indoors: Open the windows, buy an air filter — and forget the ultraviolet lights. Fear of the risk of transmission indoors has fueled a market for expensive devices that promise to scrub surfaces — and even the air — but most of those products are overkill and may even have unintended harmful consequences.

“Anything that sounds fancy and isn’t tried-and-true — those are all things to avoid,” said Delphine Farmer, an atmospheric chemist at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. “Soap and water work beautifully.”

Managers of larger buildings should encourage those who can to work from home and adopt strategies like adding air filters and disinfecting surfaces. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have created an app to determine how many people can safely congregate in a given space and for how long.

But regardless of these precautions, the optimal strategy is simply to wear a mask indoors, said Martin Bazant, a chemical engineer at M.I.T., adding, “That’s a much bigger effect than any of those strategies would provide.”

GLOBAL ROUNDUP

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Passengers waiting to be tested for the virus at an airport in Bogotá last week.Credit...Raul Arboleda/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

Colombia reached more than 800,000 cases this weekend, just as social life has begun to return to Bogotá, the capital and the heart of the health crisis.

The reopening of restaurants and other businesses has injected much-needed buoyancy into the economy and has lifted the collective mood, particularly in Bogotá. But concerns remain about the possibility of a new surge.

Colombia has been hit hard by the virus, though it has fared better than many of its neighbors.

One in 62 Colombians has tested positive for the virus, according to a Times database, compared with one in 40 in Peru and one in 44 in Brazil. Colombia has experienced about 50 deaths per 100,000 people, according to the database; Peru has had twice as many.

Colombia’s overall infection rate is close to that of Argentina, where about 1 in 63 people have been infected, and where cases topped 700,000 over the weekend.

Social life across much of Colombia has been almost completely shut down since late March. But in recent weeks the mayor of Bogotá’s, Claudia López, began allowing restaurants to offer indoor dining at reduced capacity and permitting long-shuttered businesses to renew operation.

The city’s markets and shops now bustle with mask-wearing residents, and a degree of normality has returned to the streets. The country’s airports, which closed in late March, have also begun to reopen.

Officials, however, say this appearance of normality hides a grimmer reality: The country continues to be a hot spot for new cases, at about 6,800 a day. On Sunday, the Colombian health ministry said its intensive care units were at 50 percent capacity.

“Keeping malls and other businesses open depends on citizens’ behavior,” the ministry of health said on Sunday. “Let’s practice social discipline and we’ll avoid contagion.”

In other global developments:

  • India reported 82,170 new infections on Monday, becoming the second country after the United States to surpass six million cases in total, according to a New York Times database.

  • The next Group of 20 summit meeting, which was scheduled to be held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, will take place virtually on Nov. 21 and 22, the kingdom said in a statement on Monday. Saudi Arabia, which holds the group’s rotating presidency, also hosted an emergency virtual summit meeting in March in response to the pandemic.

  • With positive coronavirus tests reaching new highs, the number of critically ill threatening to overload intensive care wards and hospitals reporting alarming numbers of younger patients, officials in Israel pleaded with the public on Sunday to heed lockdown measures heading into Yom Kippur, the holiest day on the Jewish calendar.

  • In Madrid, about 1,000 protesters took to the streets on Sunday to demand an end to a partial lockdown imposed by the regional government last Monday on about a million residents of specific neighborhoods, most of them in working-class suburbs. While the Madrid authorities have argued that the lockdown is needed to contain a second wave of infections, the decision has spurred protests and outrage among residents who consider it discriminatory. That viewpoint was bolstered on Friday when Spain’s health minister, Salvador Ila, said that Madrid should instead have introduced stricter restrictions across the whole capital region.

  • Britain could end up “caught in a cycle of epidemic waves” without further restrictions, a member of the government’s scientific advisory board has warned. The adviser, Jeremy Farrar, wrote in The Times of London that tightened measures announced by Prime Minister Boris Johnson this past week were a “fudge” and would “neither deliver an open economy nor save lives.” Mr. Farrar called for a ban on people from different households meeting indoors, and said another closure of restaurants, pubs, gyms, places of worship and nonessential shops should also be considered as the country tries to arrest a steep climb in infections.

  • South Korea on Sunday called for a joint investigation into the death of a South Korean official who was killed by North Korean troops who discovered him floating in North Korean waters. South Korea said that the official was trying to defect and that the troops shot him and set his body on fire on the unsubstantiated fear that he might be infected with the virus. The North disputes key parts of that account. “Since there are gaps in the findings by South and North Korea, we request a joint investigation so we can establish the truth as soon as possible,” said Suh Choo-suk, a deputy director of national security in South Korea​.

THE NEW YORK TIMES /

SIENA COLLEGE POLL

Joseph R.

Biden Jr.

Donald

Trump

49%

41%

Based on a New York Times/Siena

College poll of 950 likely voters

from Sept. 22 to Sept. 24.

THE NEW YORK TIMES / SIENA COLLEGE POLL

Based on a New York Times/Siena College poll of

950 likely voters from Sept. 22 to Sept. 24.

Joseph R. Biden Jr.

Donald Trump

41%

49%

THE NEW YORK TIMES /

SIENA COLLEGE POLL

Based on a New York Times/Siena College poll

of 950 likely voters from Sept. 22 to Sept. 24.

Joseph R. Biden Jr.

Donald Trump

41%

49%

President Trump’s handling of the pandemic continues to be a major political liability, according to a national poll conducted by The New York Times and Siena College.

The poll found that 56 percent of voters said they disapproved of Mr. Trump’s approach to the virus, including half of white voters and the same proportion of men, groups that usually lean to the right. The poll has a margin of sampling error of 3.5 percentage points.

Two-thirds of voters said they would support a national mask mandate, while 63 percent said they would support new lockdowns if public health experts recommend them. Mr. Trump has often ridiculed mask wearing, and he has attacked state and local officials for imposing health-based restrictions on public activity.

Mr. Biden has taken an opposing set of positions that fall more in line with voters’ preferences. He endorsed a national mask mandate, acknowledging that a president may not have the power to impose one, and he has encouraged public officials to impose lockdowns as necessary.

Mr. Biden has also accused Mr. Trump of politicizing the coronavirus vaccine process. The president has repeatedly suggested that a vaccine will emerge before Election Day. But the poll shows that the president may not be making headway with voters by dangling the possibility of a hastily approved vaccine. Eighty-one percent said they would oppose distributing a vaccine before the completion of clinical trials.

The poll results also offered a warning for Republicans on the broader issue of health care. Fifty-seven percent of voters, including nearly two-thirds of independents, said they supported the Affordable Care Act, the Obama-era law that Mr. Trump’s administration is seeking to overturn even as the pandemic progresses.

Democrats are attempting to put Mr. Trump’s challenge to the popular law at the center of the fight over the Supreme Court seat left vacant by the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, pairing it with Roe v. Wade as a measure his nominee, Judge Amy Coney Barrett, may threaten.

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A testing site in Paris on Monday. Dozens of cities and regions across the country are getting ready to enforce new restrictions.Credit...Michel Euler/Associated Press

Infections are skyrocketing in France, with a daily average of more than 10,000 new cases over the past seven days, more than double the number at the height of the country’s first wave in the spring.

“We have been warning for several weeks now that we have not defeated the epidemic,” France’s health minister, Olivier Véran, told the French news media on Sunday. “The virus has not disappeared. The epidemic has picked up again.”

The number of Covid-19 deaths has risen 83 percent over the last 14 days, according to a New York Times database. Still, the death rate — averaging about 50 deaths per day in the last week — is far lower than it was in the spring, when the figure averaged more than 1,000 per day. Nonetheless, dozens of cities and regions across the country are preparing to enforce new restrictions on Monday, in an attempt to stem the rising tide of infections.

The French authorities have placed a number of cities, including Paris, Lyon and Bordeaux, on a “reinforced alert” level, which, starting on Monday, will restrict public gatherings to no more than 10 people. Bars will have to close early and enclosed sports establishments must shut down completely.

Meanwhile, hospitals are again under strain, with some 600 new Covid-19 hospitalizations each day since mid-September. Covid-19 patients now represent at least 10 percent of patients in intensive care across the country.

In recent months, France has ramped up its testing policy, with more than one million tests conducted per week, about five times more than in April. But French laboratories lack the capacity to keep up with the number of tests carried out, resulting in a backlog of tests that have hampered France’s strategy for preventing a second outbreak.

On Saturday, two Nobel Prize-winning economists suggested in Le Monde newspaper that France impose a national lockdown for most of December in order to allow families to gather safely for the end-of-year holidays and “save Christmas.”

Mr. Véran reacted by saying that a lockdown was not part of the government’s plans so far: “We do not rule out any option, but we do not plan for the lockdown option, we act to prevent it.”

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Jolog’s Barbershop in Manila, the capital of the Philippines. The country has been in various stages of lockdown since March.Credit...Jes Aznar for The New York Times

The mirrors of a barbershop in the Philippines, which has been under lockdown longer than any other country in Asia, exemplify the heavy toll that the virus has exacted on the country’s people.

The Philippines has been in various stages of lockdown since March, when President Rodrigo Duterte first locked down the country’s largest island, including the capital, Manila.

The Manila salon, Jolog’s Barbershop, is one of many businesses that were forced to close when the virus was first detected, but have since been allowed to reopen subject to stringent health codes and measures.

For decades, Jolog’s has been something of a microcosm of the country, its mirrors reflecting a diversity of faces from across society. But these days, the din of chatter has been silenced, and the few people who nervously trickle in are in no mood for small talk.

Barbers at the shop are required to wear yellow medical coveralls and face shields. A sign taped above a mirror reads, “No face mask, not allowed.” Only four customers can be accommodated at any given time, and they are told to disinfect before entering.

“It’s very hard to get my mind wrapped around this,” the owner, Rollie Magalona, said. “It used to be that we always have customers lined up. Now, we try to stay open until evening, but the streets are already deserted. What is worse, we may also get infected. You never know.”

Even with restrictions in place, the Philippines is struggling to control the outbreak. As of Sunday, the country of about 108 million had recorded more than 300,000 cases and 5,344 deaths, according to a New York Times database.

Already, about 27.3 million Filipinos have lost their jobs because of the resulting economic downturn. In the second quarter of the year, the country entered a recession, dropping 16.5 percent — its worst performance in nearly four decades.

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American Airlines said on Friday that it would take a $5.5 billion loan from the Treasury Department as part of funding made available to carriers through the government’s economic stimulus plan.Credit...Daniel Slim/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

With the federal payroll support program stuck in the broader congressional stalemate over stimulus, U.S. airlines have warned that tens of thousands of their employees face being furloughed soon.

Additional aid for airlines is expected to be part of a new $2.4 trillion stimulus bill that Speaker Nancy Pelosi and other Democrats are developing in the House, the first sign of movement since the tortured negotiations between Democrats and the White House stalled in early August.

But the prospects for the bill to pass in time to forestall furloughs are unclear.

Airlines have been battered by the pandemic, as business travelers continue to work remotely and avoid unnecessary air travel. The airlines’ warnings of financial stress and the prospects of large numbers of layoffs stem from that reality, but they also serve as pressure on Congress and the Trump administration to strike a deal.

Doug Parker, the chief executive of American Airlines, suggested on Sunday that a new round of help was possible. “There is enormous bipartisan support for it,” he said on the CBS program “Face the Nation.” “We have Republicans, Democrats, the administration, all saying and knowing this is the right program, that it makes sense, that, indeed, it should be extended because airline employees provide critical infrastructure. And once we furlough those employees, it is really hard, for example, to get pilots back in training.”

U.S. passenger airlines received $25 billion to help pay workers under a March legislative package, with American Airlines alone receiving $5.8 billion.

On Friday, American Airlines said that it would take a $5.5 billion loan from the Treasury Department as part of funding made available to carriers through the government’s economic stimulus plan, and that it expected the loan to grow to $7.5 billion next month. United Airlines is expected to take out a similarly sized loan, though Southwest Airlines and Delta Air Lines declined the funding.

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Melbourne Eases Virus Lockdown Restrictions

Premier Dan Andrews of the Australian state of Victoria said Melbourne’s curfew would end at 5 a.m. on Monday, and outdoor gatherings with a limit of five people from no more than two households would be allowed.

“We are ahead of schedule. We have made more progress than we had hoped to make at this point in time. Now that is something that we can all be pleased about. But it doesn’t mean this is over.” “In terms of public gatherings that are outside, a household or a limit of five people from no more than two households will be able to gather outside for the purposes of, whether it be meeting in a park, doing those sorts of things. That is more than what we had hoped to be able to achieve.” “Tonight will be the last night of the curfew. It will be lifted from 5 a.m. tomorrow. And I want to make a very important additional announcement though in relation to that matter. Once the curfew comes off, that is, tonight’s the last night, we have decided that a new fine, a penalty almost to $5,000, just less than $5,000, will apply for any unlawful outdoor gatherings or indoor gatherings.” “We believe that we will be able to take, all things being equal, the next step, which is when all the restrictions leaving your home when there’s much more freedom of movement, we believe that we will be able to take that important step on the 19th of October.”

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Premier Dan Andrews of the Australian state of Victoria said Melbourne’s curfew would end at 5 a.m. on Monday, and outdoor gatherings with a limit of five people from no more than two households would be allowed.CreditCredit...Asanka Ratnayake/Getty Images

Efforts to combat the virus in the Australian state of Victoria are “ahead of schedule,” Premier Dan Andrews said on Sunday, as he announced a further easing of restrictions after two months of a severe lockdown in Melbourne, the state capital.

The curfew in Melbourne, the country’s second-largest city, will be lifted starting at 5 a.m. Monday, said Mr. Andrews, who denied it was because of a looming legal challenge. Child care facilities will reopen, and outdoor public gatherings of up to five people from two different households will be allowed. Primary students will return to school starting Oct. 12.

Melbourne residents are still required to stay at home except for care or caregiving, essential shopping, exercise and work or education that cannot be done from home. Restaurants and cafes remain closed for dine-in service. Other rules have been tightened, with fines for unlawful indoor or outdoor gatherings of almost 5,000 Australian dollars, or about $3,500, and residents now required to wear fitted face masks rather than scarves or bandannas.

The rolling 14-day average of new cases in Melbourne — which was over 400 at the height of the city’s outbreak last month — is now 22.1, well below the target of 30 to 50 for taking this second step out of lockdown. If the decline in cases continues, Mr. Andrews said, all restrictions on leaving home could be lifted on Oct. 19, a week earlier than planned.

“It’s a remarkable thing — and an achievement that belongs to every single Victorian,” he said. “Because with grit and with guts and with heart, we are beating this thing. We are driving it down. We are winning.”

On Monday, Victoria reported five new cases, the lowest since mid-June.

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Johanna Konta and Cori Gauff in a match during the first day of the French Open in Paris on Sunday.Credit...Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

At a cold and drizzly opening day at the French Open, one player was relieved just to be in the tournament: Benoit Paire of France.

Paire, a flashy French shot maker with a hipster’s beard, was forced to withdraw from the United States Open last month after testing positive for the coronavirus. He had to isolate in his Long Island hotel room for 10 days before returning to Europe. Eleven other players and coaches had to quarantine in the same hotel because of close contact with him.

He tested positive again at an event in Hamburg, Germany, last week but was allowed to play by German health officials who deemed him less of a risk but still restricted him most of the day to his hotel room.

Paire then tested negative in Paris, permitting him to take the court on Sunday. He defeated Kwon Soon-woo of South Korea, 7-5, 6-4, 6-4.

Paire said his preparation for the French Open had been compromised and that he was frustrated that coronavirus protocols often varied between countries. “I feel if on tour it’s going to be one day you can play and another you cannot because of a test, it’s not very fair,” he said. “Physically I’m not at my best, of course. Mentally it’s tough, but voilà, I’m trying to hang in there.”

The delayed tournament begins as the coronavirus is on the rise again in France. The second wave forced organizers to scale back their grand plans for a nearly full house to a meager 1,000 spectators per day on the entire grounds of Roland Garros Stadium.

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The number of available single-family homes in Winhall and Stratton, the nearby ski resort, has dropped to 29 from 129, with many properties purchased sight unseen.Credit...Hilary Swift for The New York Times

A population explosion began in Vermont this spring, when the state started to emerge as a model of virus control and city dwellers scrambled to settle their families far from hot spots.

For years, Vermont has been stuck at around 620,000 residents, a plateau so threatening to the labor force and tax base that in 2018 the state began offering a cash incentive of up to $10,000 for remote workers who moved to Vermont.

In towns like Winhall, which had a year-round population of 769 before the pandemic, that is not the problem anymore.

Instead, officials are hard-pressed to keep up with the burst of growth.

Elizabeth Grant, the town clerk, reckons that the town’s population topped 10,000 over the summer. When school reopened this month, the number of enrolled students had increased by 54, a jump of more than 25 percent, so the costs to taxpayers will exceed projections by half a million dollars.

The post office ran out of available P.O. boxes in mid-June. Electricians and plumbers are booked until Christmas. Complaints about bears have quadrupled.

Real estate agents in town knew something was up in late April, when Gov. Phil Scott began cautiously reopening businesses.

Since then, the number of available single-family homes in Winhall and Stratton, the adjacent ski resort, has dropped to 29 from 129, its lowest level since 2003, according to Tim Apps, a realtor with the Vermont Sales Group.

Now the question is whether the newcomers will stay, since many of their companies allowed remote working only on a temporary basis.

Officials will have a better sense of how many people have moved into the state in a few weeks, after gathering figures on school enrollment, which had been steadily declining in Vermont for a decade. They expect an increase of 2 to 5 percent statewide, and as much as 15 percent in some towns, said Michael S. Pieciak, commissioner at the state Department of Financial Regulation.

The coronavirus is surging in one of the most rural states in the country, Montana, whose population is so scattered that Billings is the only city in the state that can claim more than 100,000 residents.

Daily reports of new cases in the state have more than doubled in the last two weeks to an average of 250 a day, according to a New York Times database — shattering records and raising concerns that the state’s hospitals could become overwhelmed.

Other states in the Mountain West and northern Great Plains are also experiencing surges, including Wyoming, Utah and North Dakota.

The impact of the coronavirus in Montana had been relatively mild until recently. While coastal cities like Seattle and New York were experiencing major outbreaks in April and May, Montana’s case curve had an almost imperceptible bump.

Now, Montana is reporting three times as many cases a day as King County, Wash., which includes Seattle and has twice Montana’s population. Almost half the state’s total 171 deaths from Covid-19 have come in the past month, and hospitalizations are up sharply.

Some of the surge can be attributed to outbreaks in prisons and nursing homes, settings that have been proven vulnerable in rural and urban states alike. But state experts also point to the recent reopening of schools and universities and the beginning of sports practice.

Cases among school-age children have increased by more than 90 percent since the first week of September, Stacey Anderson, the state’s lead epidemiologist, told reporters on Tuesday.

Montana is home to seven Indian reservations, which have fought to keep the virus out but are now seeing worrying increases in cases. The Blackfeet Nation, which closed its border with Glacier National Park over the summer to keep tourists who might be carrying the virus from driving through, imposed two-week quarantines on two of its towns last week because of upticks in cases.

State officials pleaded with residents to help spare Montana from the heavy toll the virus has taken in denser, more populous states like Texas or Florida, by obeying the state’s mask mandate and social distancing guidelines.

“We have a unique opportunity here in Montana, by our location and by learning from others around us,” said Greg Holzman, the state medical officer. “We don’t have to have those outcomes here.”

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Sorting items for the Community Kitchen and Food Pantry in New York last month.Credit...Kirsten Luce for The New York Times

Charitable giving has increased this year and also gone in new directions, as donors big and small responded first to the pandemic and then to social justice causes after the killing of George Floyd in May.

Foundation Source, which advises smaller corporate and family foundations, recently surveyed its members and found that 39 percent of respondents had shifted their foundations’ missions in response to the events of this year, while 42 percent had increased their giving.

“We’ve seen a change in behavior,” said Stefanie Borsari, the national director of client services for Foundation Source. “Of the top reasons that people shifted their mission or focus,” she added, “the biggest was certainly Covid, but about a third of respondents also noted social justice concerns.”

A June report from Fidelity Charitable, the largest grant maker in the United States, said that grants to food assistance programs were up 667 percent nationally, but that donors had continued to give to their regular charities.

What smaller foundations and individual donors have often lacked, though, is information on which nonprofits in which communities would best use their donations. Two new philanthropic databases are aiming to fill that breach by highlighting nonprofits that are addressing social justice and pandemic issues.

The first, Give Blck, which went online Friday, aims to call attention to Black-founded nonprofits that have been little known or are too small to be highlighted by some of the leading philanthropic rating services. The second is an interactive map created by Vanguard Charitable, the mutual fund company’s donor-advised fund arm. It is set to be released next month.

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Prospect Park in Brooklyn last year. Snow days may now be on the list of things the pandemic has canceled for good.Credit...Stephen Speranza for The New York Times

For generations, snow days meant sleeping in, loafing in front of the TV with hot cocoa, and hours of sledding and snowball fights.

Now, they are likely to mean logging into a laptop for a Zoom lesson on long division.

As the weather cools and winter looms, many school leaders in snow-prone states are preparing teachers, parents and students to say goodbye to snow days. This month, New York City, the nation’s largest school system, canceled them for the year, citing the pandemic, which has forced districts everywhere to look for ways to make up lost days.

New York’s decision followed moves that other administrators have been making since last March, when schools were forced to transition to online learning and officials realized they could do the same during hazardous weather.

“We said, ‘Wow, this could really be a solution for us for snow days in the future,” said Robb Malay, a school superintendent who oversees seven districts in southern New Hampshire.

For many teachers, the end of the snow day looks inevitable, said Denis Anglim, 31, who teaches high school English and history in Philadelphia.

“For the sake of continuity of the curriculum, it’s a good thing,” he said. “But not in terms of hanging on to the nostalgia of waking up at 5 a.m. and looking at the ticker at the bottom of the television to see if your school will be closed.”

Reporting was contributed by Ellen Barry, William J. Broad, Alexander Burns, Damien Cave, Choe Sang-Hun, Christopher Clarey, Emily Cochrane, Maria Cramer, Jason Gutierrez, David M. Halbfinger, Jennifer Jett, Sapna Maheshwari, Apoorva Mandavilli, Jonathan Martin, Constant Méheut, Raphael Minder, Zach Montague, Anna Schaverien, Eileen Sullivan, Paul Sullivan, Lucy Tompkins and Julie Turkewitz.

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